MendelNet, 2018 (vol. 25)

The foliar application of different sulphur fertilizers and their effect on biomass yield of fenugreek was examined in small plot field experiment in the experimental station Vatín. The effect of foliar application of boron was also examined. Variants of fertilization included in the experiment were: 1. Unfertilized, 2. Thiosulphate sulphur, 3. Elemental sulphur, 4. Polysulphide sulphur and 5. Boron. The highest yield of fenugreek, 22.1 t/ha, was obtained after fertilization with polysulphide sulphur. The yield on this variant was higher by 8.7% compared to the unfertilized control. Foliar application of boron had provided second highest yield, 21.4 t/ha, which was an increase by 5.1% in comparison with unfertilized variant. The content of sulphur in plants was statistically significantly higher after application of each form of sulphur in comparison with the unfertilized control. The highest content of sulphur in plants was measured after thiosulphate application. Foliar fertilization by boron resulted in significantly increased content of boron in plants compared to the control variant.

Pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata is a causal agent of boxwood blight disease on Buxus spp. Since its first occurrence in 2010 in the Czech Republic on young plants in the production nursery it can be nowadays find also on older plantings of boxwood in chateau gardens and parks. At present the existence of two genotypes of Calonectria pseudonaviculata is known: G1 (Calonectria pseudonaviculata) and G2 (Calonectria henricotiae). Preventive measures are often not sufficient enough to control this pathogen, therefore chemical management needs to be included. Active ingredients of common fungicides registered in the Czech Republic were tested on four isolates, obtained from infected plants from chateau gardens. Fungicide efficacy on mycelia growth of each pathogen culture was evaluated in vitro. Comparison of active ingredients cyprodinil+fludioxonil, tebuconazole+fluopyram, prochloraz and thiophanate-methyl shows significantly the best results in mycelia growth inhibition. Fungicides containing active ingredient prochloraz and thiophanate-methyl are registered in the Czech Republic only for field crops use. Statistically significant difference of reduced mycelia growth inhibition of G2 by kresoxim-methyl was proved only for one of three isolates at 0.03% concentration of active ingredient. At 3% concentration of kresoxim-methyl the reduced inhibition of mycelia growth of G2 genotypes was proved.

The purpose of this work is to compile a list of species growing in vineyards of wine villages Mělčany and Rajhrad. The Mělčany and Rajhrad villages are governed by the wine law as wine villages belonging to the wine region of Moravia and subregion of Znojmo. Floristic survey was carried out in two vine lines within the Mělčany wine village cadastre: “Veselá hora, Seslice”.and one vine line “Hájiska” within the Rajhrad wine village. A total of 62 vascular plant species were found during the botanical monitoring of vegetation. The most frequent species were Chenopodium album, Festuca rubra, Achillea millefolium agg., Convolvulus arvensis, Avena fatua, Amaranthus retroflexus and Plantago lanceolata.

The purpose of the work is to compile a list of plant species growing in vineyards of the wine village Velké Bílovice. Nine vine lines were surveyed and all plant species were recorded. Numbers of species found in individual vine lines are as follows: Nová hora (83 species), Zadní hora (86), Přední hora (90), Dlouhá hora (56), Široká hora (65), Pod Belegrady (49), Vinohrádky (41), Obory (29), Obecní (22). The most frequent plant species represented in most vine lines were: Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Lolium perenne, Amaranthus retroflexus, Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia and others. The number of species in the monitored vineyards of Velké Bílovice is relatively high – 156 species. Compared to the numbers of plant species in vineyards of other surveyed wine-growing villages, it is the highest number of species ever found in the vineyards of Morava region.

The aim of the work was to record the weed species on a field with sorghum cultivated for silage. Further, we determined the weed species, which could decrease the quality of silage or endanger the state of cattle health. The experimental land is located in the cadastral area of Žabčice (South Moravia, Czech Republic). The field survey was conducted in July 2018. Vegetation evaluation was carried out using phytosociological plots. Multivariate analyzes of ecological data were used to determine the impact of crop cover on weeds. Several poisonous species (Consolida regalis, Datura stramonium, Euphorbia esula, Euphorbia helioscopia, Lactuca serriola and Solanum nigrum) have been found and considered that with high proportion in silage could cause a cattle poisoning and health problems.

The control of aphid PVY vectors is necessary in potato seed crops. Potato virus Y is one of the most damaging potato viruses. In this study relative efficiency factor (REF) of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius, 1775) in comparison to Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) was evaluated. One thousand plants of Physalis floridana were used as indicator plants for transmission by 1360 aphids in total. S. avenae did not transmit PVY once while M. persicae transmitted PVY in 26.6% cases.

Westerwolds annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. Westerwoldicum) is cultivated in various parts of the world as a fodder crop for beef cattle, generally mixed with soya or maize. Efforts to improve the annual production of high-quality fodder has increased the importance of cultivation of Westerwolds annual ryegrass. The objective of the paper is to assess weed infestation on fields with Westerwolds annual ryegrass, i.e. to record weed species occurrence and to evaluate the relationship between crop coverage and weed species presences and abundances. The assessed lands were located in the cadastral area of Rebešovice (South Moravia, Czech Republic). The vegetation recording was made using phytosociological plost in June 2018. A total of 36 weed species were identified in the plots, where annual weeds Anagallis arvensis and Oxalis fontana were found as most abundant. Datura stramonium or Echinochloa crus-galli, for example, were found more frequently on plots covered by sparse crop, pointing to low crop ability to suppress several weeds. Weed species composition changed very little according to the crop coverage. The most problematic weeds in fodder crops are poisonous species, we found Aethusa cynapium, Datura stramonium, Equisetum palustre, Euphorbia helioscopia, Fumaria officinalis and Solanum nigrum, which can cause health problems after cattle feeding.

Growing crops with dense canopy help regulate weeds, especially those resistant to herbicides. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between the mixed crop (x Triticosecale and Pisum sativum var. arvense) and individual weed species. The main use of the crops is to produce silage for cattle feeding. From this perspective, the presence of some species is undesirable. The experimental land is located in cadastral territory of the village of Mladějovice (Olomouc District). The evaluation of weed infestation in mixed crop of (x Triticosecale and Pisum sativum var. arvense) was carried out using phytosociological plots. The evaluation was conducted in July 2018.There were 41 weed species found in total. Several poisonous weeds were found as Euphorbia helioscopia or Solanum nigrum. Another weed species have their negative effects due to decreasing digestibility (Avena fatua, Bromus sterilis, Cirsium arvense, Equisetum arvense, Galium aparine, Rumex obtusifolius, Setaria pumila, Setaria viridis) and are considered as unsuitable for beef cattle. The grown herb mixtures have the potential to suppress some weed species (e.g. Apera spica-venti, Setaria spp.). However, the reaction of all weed species was not the same. Some weed species were able to successfully resist the competition of the sown mixture.

The aim of our work was to investigate the effect of various forms of fertilization with sulfur on the soybean microbiota. The following forms of sulfur were used in the experiment: 1. no application; 2. thiosulfan sulfur; 3. elemental sulfur and 4. polysulfide sulfur. The most significant effect on the number of microorganisms present in a first year of the experiment in thiosulfate sulfur which most affected Enterobacteriaceae that have been detected 1.9x10³ CFU/g in comparison with control variant, where the counts were 3.6x10³ CFU/g. In the second year of the experiment was changed because the biggest influence began to show a form of elemental sulfur, which most affected the yeast counts. The treated sample was detected 1.4x10³ CFU/g in comparison with the control sample which was detected 6.6x10⁴ CFU/g. Other applied forms of sulfur did not significantly affect the numbers of microorganisms.

Information about yield distribution within the fields is crucial for evaluation and planning of site specific crop management practices. This paper presents methodology of the processing of data from yield mapping to produce reliable yield maps. The study was conducted on the yield data of winter wheat recorded during the harvest in 2016 on the fields with total area 248 ha at the farm company SALIX MORAVA a.s. (locality Zdounky, Kroměříž, Czech Republic). Analysis of outliers and re-calibration of sensor values was identified as the most important part of data pre-processing. Some of these procedures are discussed in the paper to ensure high quality output dataset for next processing – spatial interpolation. In this step, Empirical Bayesian Kriging proved its ability for full automatization of yield maps creation in GIS environment. Last part of the study is focused on the creation of relative yield maps as the main information for identification of under- and over-average yield areas, which can support the agronomist decisions on the crop treatment intensity in the form of variable rate application (fertilizers, crop protection, etc.).

Sorghum is one of the most cultivated crops in the world, especially in countries with warm climate and dry areas. The aim of this study was to compare fresh matter and dry matter yield of 20 sorghum varieties at locations with different fertility in two sowing dates (in late May and in late June). The highest yield of fresh matter of all had KWS Merlin (Sorghum sudanense) at less fertile location – 1^th sowing date (135.41 t/ha). This variety had also the highest value of dry matter yield at the same location (53.58 t/ha). The lowest value of fresh matter yield had KHS5G07 (grain form of sorghum) – 19.13 t/ha, also at less fertile location - 2^nd sowing date. And the lowest yield of dry matter had Arsenio, as well the grain sorghum type (4.17 t/ha). Based on the data found it was concluded that it depends more on sorghum variety and its form (grain or non-grain), than on a soil types. From the results is clear that the better time for sorghum sowing is late May and it is also evident that some varieties of sorghum can be grown at different locations with different soil fertility, but with similar yields.

Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) are crops unpretentious for growing conditions and can provide high yields of green matter. Sorghum is characterized by high tolerance to drought. In this monitoring, attention was paid to the occurrence of the pests of these crops and the intensity of the attack under the field conditions of South Moravia. Due to the extreme weather conditions in the 2018 growing season, the occurrence of pests was low, and the plants were not significantly damaged. The presence of the key pest, which is the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) was monitored using a light trap. The adults appeared in the vegetation, but the damage typical for this pest was not recorded.

In 2018 an occurrence of fungal pathogens of Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense and Lolium multiflorum was evaluated in laboratory and field condition. The lab experiment was done on sorghum variety ´KWS Tarzan´ seeds and on ryegrass variety ´Diamant´ seeds. Pathogens from genus Alternaria, Aspergillus and Cladosporium were identified and from the overall quantity of seeds infection has been detected on 91.5% of seeds (method of "wet cell") and 87% of seeds tested on agar medium. Pathogens of genus Alternaria, Fusarium and Aspergillus were identified on ryegrass seeds and from the overall quantity of seeds, 75.5% tested by "wet cell" method were infected. The sorghum plants in the field conditions were slightly infected by Colletotrichum sublineola pathogens and slight infection of pathogens of Blumeria graminis, Puccinia graminis var. graminicola and P. coronata var. coronata was identified on the ryegrass plants. It is possible that very dry and hot summer is responsible for the low infection of sorghum and ryegrass in the field conditions. Farmers should choose the right variety and location for use in the Czech Republic conditions.

Sorghum is suitable crop for semi-arid regions with limited irrigation capacity or dry land with unpredictable rainfall. The combination of rising temperature and change of rainfall distribution during the year makes some localities of Czech Republic right place for sorghum cultivation. Sufficient nitrogen and sulphur nutrition is important for sorghum growth and yield. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of common fertilizers and fertilizers with nitrification and urease inhibitors on sorghum biomass yield in condition of Žabčice. In precise small-plot experiment was used these fertilizers: Urea and DASA which represented common fertilizers, Alzon neo–N, Urea^stabil and Ensin which represented fertilizers with inhibitors. Variant with DASA and Ensin, which contain nitrogen and sulphur, had higher biomass yield than variant fertilized by Urea and Urea^stabil. The highest biomass yield was found on variant Alzon neo–N (28.47 t/ha). Nevertheless, all variants with fertilizers with inhibitors had slightly higher biomass yield than variants with common used fertilizers without inhibitors.

The aim of this study was the determination of the effect of nitrogen and sulphur fertilizers with inhibitors on poppy seed yield. The Czech Republic is one of dominant producer of poppy for food industry and sufficient nutrition plays important role in poppy growth, especially nitrogen and sulphur have huge effect on poppy growing and seeds production. The nitrogen fertilizers with nitrification and urease inhibitors were used in this small-plot experiment and their effect on poppy seed yield was observed. Urea fertilizer and DASA (ammonium sulphate nitrate) represented common fertilizers, Alzon neo–N, Urea^stabil and Ensin were used like fertilizers with inhibitors. We found only slight enhancing of seed yield on variant with inhibited urea (variant with Alzon neo–N and Urea^stabil), the higher seed yield was found on variant with DASA (185 kg/ha) and Ensin (188 kg/ha). Fertilizers DASA and Ensin include sulphur which has important effect on poppy seed production, so the seed yield in these variants was enhanced in compare with variants without sulphur fertilization.

Larger root system allows better use of water and nutrients from the soil as has been already proven several times. Deep-rooting varieties can be successful on soils with higher levels of groundwater in dry years. It is necessary to precisely identify suitable phenotypes for deliberate plant breeding e.g. for tolerance to drought. The aim of the research was to analyze the measured data on the size of the root system in three phenological stages in the years 2015–2017, to evaluate the relationship between the root system size (RSS) and the yield of the grain. The root system size and winter wheat grain yield were evaluated in the field experiment at a dry locality in Branišovice (South Moravia, Czech Republic). The properties of the root system of various genotypes in years with different meteorological conditions were identified. The correlation analysis of the relationships between RSS and grain yield was significant particularly in 2015. Early genotypes created a larger root system at the time of RSS measurement which was subsequently reflected by an increase in grain yield.

The aim of the study was to estimate intake of cutted pasture in different chicken genotypes. The experiment involved of 150 day-old chickens of three genotypes (3 x 50); medium-growing JA 757 hybrid, fast-growing ROSS 308 and the slow-growing males of meat-laying type ISA Dual. Two different feeders were used in each box, one with diets and second one with cutted pasture. Both feeds were available for chickens ad libitum. Pasture was weighted and supplied fresh daily in the morning and the rest was weighted in the evening. Average daily pasture consumption increased for all hybrids as a function of age. The experiment was stopped when daily pasture intake had no increased any more. The maximum average daily pasture intake was the highest (P < 0.05) for ISA Dual hybrid 25.8 g/day at the age 13 weeks, whereas for the JA 757 hybrid, this was only 16.1 g/day at the age 9 weeks. ROSS 308 hybrid had maximum daily pasture intake only 13.1 g/day at the age 7 weeks.

The aim of this study was made to compare the nutrient composition of 7 selected varieties of sorghum. The comparison was done two different localities, with different soil types (clay loam soil – fluvial soil and light sandy soil) in the region of South Moravia. The sampling of sorghum varieties were at two different locations and was realized 12 weeks after sowing, followed by analysis of nutrient composition as dry matter, N-substances, fibre, ADF – Acid Detergent Fibre and NDF – Neutral Detergent Fibre. Based on the data found it was concluded that it depends more on sorghum variety and its form than on the soil type.

The article deals with the performance ratings of show jumping horses participating in competitions held in Czech Republic and also in the world, taking into consideration factors such as breed, sex, age and year of start. Data used in the research has been gathered from the official website of the Czech Equestrian Federation (CJF), covering years 2010 and 2016 and from The Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) covering also the same years. Program STATISTICA 2012 was used and in the case that the factor was highly significant, the SCHEFFE´S test. The analysis of horse performance ratings shows that breed, age, sex and year of start have statistically high significant impact on performance in both years in Czech Republic. The best performance results in the Czech Republic has horses in the age category 13–16 years with 7.42 auxiliary points (AAP), the most successful sex is group of stallions with 7.44 AAP and breed with the highest amount of auxiliary points is Zangersheide with 7.73 AAP. In the world ratings the analysis shows that only the year of start has highly significant impact on the performance. Therefore, it is possible to claim that average values of the performance of this particular breed have increased. In the analysis of the factor year of start there was statistically high significance that in the year 2016 are the better results in performance in Czech Republic and also in the world.

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the stallion Cor de la Bryère’s line in Czech Warmblood breeding. The significance of this breeding line was evaluated by performing a comparison of the body measurements of descendants by the most important stallions permitted to act as stud horses within Czech Warmblood breeding. The specific observed attributes for evaluating the quality of the stallions were the values of descendants’ basic body measurements, i.e. stick height at withers, tape height at withers, chest circumference and cannon bone circumference. A total of seven breeding stallions were compared, three of which were Holsteiners, three Hanoverians and one a Czech Warmblood. The comparison group consisted of 347 descendants of the Czech Warmblood breed by the sires Calanthano, Carlos, Carol, Cartouche, Catango Z, Comero and Chazar. A high statistically conclusive influence of the sire was only established for cannon bone circumference. With the other body measurements, the influence of the sire was not proven. When evaluating individual years according to cannon bone circumference, the best group was judged to be descendants born in the year 1994. Furthermore, it was determined that on average both sexes of the descendants of this line meet the breed standard for the Czech Warmblood in terms of cannon bone circumference. Another factor evaluated was stick height at withers, which, like cannon bone circumference, is subject to the breed standard for the Czech Warmblood. In this case it was not possible to statistically demonstrate the effect of the observed factors. In view of the importance of this body measurement, the maximum, minimum and average values were evaluated, and on this basis it can be said that for stallions from the Cor de la Bryère line, breeders should select mares with a smaller body frame but a thick cannon bone.

Accurate prediction of pregnancy duration is an important aspect in managing mares’ reproduction. Pregnancy duration was affected by the month of mating (P < 0.01) and the year of conception (P < 0.01). The age of mares at the time of mating did not influence pregnancy duration. Similarly, stillborn foals did not significantly affect pregnancy duration. In conclusion, pregnancy duration was influenced by the month of mating and the year of conception. The knowledge of these factors is very important for the most accurate determination of parturition date.

This paper is targeted on the influence of the yeast – based feed mix supplementation on quantity and quality of the Holstein cows milk during the summer season. The experiment for this work took place on the University farm in Žabčice. To this experiment, 64 cows of Holstein cattle were included. Cows were divided into two groups with the same yield, same feed and same condition. Cows were monitored for three 92 days: pre-experimental period (31 days), experimental period (31 days) and post-experimental period (30 days). Milk yield, milk composition and temperature were under evaluation for whole experiment. Data for environmental temperature were collected every 30 minutes by HOBO data logger placed in height of animal withers. Data concerning the milk yield and composition were collected from Milk Recording Scheme. The supplementation of yeast increased the yield of 1.67 kg during the experimental period. When comparing experimental group and control group, the yield of experimental group was elevated of 1.44 kg. When it comes to temperature, this was higher in August in comparing to both July and September. The addition of the yeast of this type to the feed ration can alleviate the effects of the heat stress. Farmers could profit from this supplementation, but further experiments are required.

The study is focused on the assessment of locomotion score in Holstein cattle. The evaluation was carried out on a farm where 414 dairy cows are kept. The ratio of lame and non-lame cows was determined by visual motion analysis during 5 months from April 2018 to August 2018. The lameness was evaluated on a five-point scale. Score 1 corresponding to a non-lame cow and a score 5 to a severely lame cow. Furthermore, the effect of lameness on milk production (kg/day) was monitored, as a assumption that dairy cows with a higher locomotion score would have lower milk production than non-lame cows was not confirmed.

Good quality of ejaculate is very important for the amount of produced insemination doses (ID). Main monitored parameters are volume of ejaculate, concentration of sperm, sperm motility and morphologically abnormal sperm. During the oxidative stress of organism sperm cells are damaged by the free radicals, especially by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress is considered as one of the main causes of male infertility. In this study we monitored qualitative and quantitative parameters of boars ejaculate during summer season, when we have assumed the heat stress. Two groups of Duroc boars were monitored. First was the control group (n = 6) without any antioxidant supplements in their diet. Second group was the experimental group (n = 6) with supplementation of antioxidant complex (selenium, zinc, vitamin E and C) in their diet. The results have been compared after four months of experimental period. In motility, there was statistically significant difference between groups after two months by 8.06% (P < 0.05). In experimental group, motility did not decreased below required level (70%) unlike the control group. In morphologically abnormal sperm, there was observed statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) in control group, even above the required level (20%) for ID preparation.

The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of selected essential oils against the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) by two different methods - glass vial bioassay and Petri-dishes. Both methods are in vitro direct contact methods. In both methods the same concentration of essential oils, lavender, cinnamon, clove bud, were used: 0.5; 0.25; 0.12; 0.06; 0.03; 0.015 µL/cm². The average mortality in the negative control was 2%. There was no significant effect of in vitro methods on poultry red mite mortality in essential oils with high acaricidal effect, cinnamon and clove bud, up to concentration 0.03 μL/cm². In vitro methods had significant effect on poultry red mite mortality using lavender essential oil, with lover acaricidal effect, at concentrations 0.5; 0.25; 0.12 and 0.06 μL/cm². It is necessary to pay more attention in vitro methods testing lower concentration of essential oils or essential oils with lower acaricidal effect.

This work is focused on horses participating in dressage competitions in Czech Republic and in the whole world. We tested statistical evaluation of the effect of the age, breed, sex and year of start on performance in dressage competitions. The data were taken from rankings of the best dressage horses that are issued by the Czech Equestrian Federation and from world dressage rankings that are issued by Fédération Équestre Internationale. We focused on the year 2010 and 2016. The dressage performance has been evaluated on the basis of reached auxiliary points (AAP) in Czech rankings and points in world rankings. We have processed and evaluated the data using programmes STATISTICA 2012 and UNISTAT 6.5. Factor of the age, sex and breed have a statistically highly evaluated influence on dressage performance of the best dressage horses in Czech Republic. The highest performance have the horses at the age of 17 and higher (5.59 AAP), stallions (6.08 AAP) and breed KWPN (6.15 AAP). Factor of age, breed and year of start have a statistically highly evaluated influence on dressage performance of the best dressage horses in the world. Horses at age from 7 to 12 years (1340.21 points) and group of Scandinavian Warmblood Breeds (1448 points) have the highest dressage performance in the world rankings. Performance of the horses included in dressage rankings increased from the 2010 to year 2016 in Czech Republic and also in the world.

The goal of the study is to monitor the parameters of milk in dairy cows during the first 100 days of lactation. The cows, breed of Czech Pied (n = 1918) were included in the trial. Data gained during the regular control of performance were gathered during two years and analysed and processed in program Milk Profit Data. According to the results, the health of the herd was evaluated. The correlation between the individual parameters and the occurrence of metabolic disease was observed. Data of Milk Profit Data were divided into three groups (According to the stage of lactation – first 21 days, a period from 22 to 60 days, and the rest of it). In the milk samples selected parameters were analysed (milk fat, milk protein, fat/protein, lactose, somatic cell count (SCC), milk urea, citric acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetone, free fatty acids). The number of lactation, the day of ongoing lactation and the yield are also known from the control of performance. Based on the results, the correlation between negative energy balance and increased values of ketone bodies as β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone were observed. There is a statistically significant difference in the amount of fat in milk between the first 21 days of lactation (4.10 ± 0.70%) and the rest of the observed period (3.83 ± 0.62% and 3.87 ± 0.60%). That is related to the lipolysis at the beginning of lactation. The older cows on the higher number of lactation are much more predisposed for ketosis development. That is confirmed by the positive correlation between the amounts of BHB and number of lactation.

The aim of the experiment was to compare the influence of different forms of selenium (sodium selenite, selenium nanoparticles) on the organism of laboratory rats. The males of Wistar albino rat strain were sorted into 3 groups. The first group (n = 5) served as control with no selenium (Se) addition. The second group was fed with mixture containing 1.2 mg/kg of diet of sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃). The third group (n = 5) was fed with mixture containing selenium nanoparticles (1.2 mg Se/kg of diet). After 30 days of experiment, the rats were slaughtered and antioxidant activity by TEAC and DPPH method were measured in liver, blood and kidney. Oxidative stress of organism was evaluated by levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Statistically significant differences were measured in liver samples by the TEAC method (decrease in Na₂SeO₃ group by 47%, p < 0.05) and DPPH (decrease in both selenium groups, Na₂SeO₃ by 43% and SeNPs by 41%, p < 0.05). The addition of selenium almost did not affect the concentration of SOD in the organism. There was a small decrease in the level of MDA in the liver and kidney compared to the control group. Results showed selenium nanoparticles may be a potential candidate for further evaluation as selenium supplement with antioxidant properties and be used against selenium deficiency in organism.

The aim of the project was to verify the positive effect of the addition of clinoptilolite to feed mixtures for rainbow trout on the production parameters and the condition of the fish, including economic evaluation. The fish were fed with industrially produced granular feed Biomar EFICO Enviro 920 Advance 4.5 mm. The experimental diet was supplemented with the addition of clinoptilolite at 0%, 1%, 2% and 4%. The experiment was performed on 120 individuals of rainbow trout. The fish were placed into 8 tanks, each tank contained 15 individuals of fish. The experiment lasted 51 days. At the end of the experiment, the samples of muscles for chemical analysis of the structure of body tissue were taken, namely: dry matter content, nitrogenous substances, fat and ash. The production efficiency of the addition of clinoptilolite to feed mixtures was assessed using basic indicators: specific growth rate (SGR), feed factor (FCR), their relative ratio (FCR/SGR) and yield. The results showed that the use of clinoptilolite in the tested doses in fish nutrition does not lead to statistically significant changes in the chemical structure of fish muscles. The improvement of the production parameters happened while using experimental mixtures with 1% and 2% addition of clinoptilolite. Feed mixtures which were applied did not have any conclusive impact on the yield of fish that ranged in 82.9−84.7%. The lowest cost on fish gain had the 1% option, which also achieved the highest financial impact and overall profit. Moreover, the 2% option was also better than the control group in all monitored parameters. The 4% option achieved the worst economic results from all studied groups.

The concentration of antidepressants occurring in surface water is rising worldwide because of their ineffective removal at wastewater treatment plants. However, the knowledge of their impact on aquatic organisms is limited. For our assay, three different antidepressants with different mechanisms of action were chosen to assess the impact on the Danio rerio body formation mechanism. The antidepressants were tested in two concentrations – environmentally-relevant (according to literature sources) and 100x higher. The method used was relative gene expression and genes were selected as representatives of the heart, brain, spine, eye and mesoderm formation. The results showed that the gene expression mechanism and welfare status are disrupted already in environmentally-relevant concentrations.

The aim of this study was to find out the effect of addition of by-products from hempseed processing into feeding mixtures used in the farming of common carp. The feed KP1 (control diet A) was supplemented with hempseed cakes in two batches, at the amounts of 5% (B), 10% (C), and 15% of batch I (D), and 15% of batch II (E). Ten tanks of a volume of 180 l were stocked with 20 pcs of common carp fingerlings of the L15 breed and a mean weight of 35.37 g. During the 64-day experimental period, production indicators (FCR, SGR, and their ratio), basic haematological indicators (RBC, Hb, MCHC, MCV, PCV, MCH), and the fatty acid (FA) spectrum were monitored. For production indicators, the best results were obtained with the mixture containing 10% hempseed cake (FCR–3.29, SGR–0.8). A significant increase of the haematocrit value was achieved in groups C and E compared to the control diet A. Regarding the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and glucose content, the values were decreased in groups D and E compared to the control group A. Regarding FA, γ-linolenic acid was significantly increased in group E compared to the control group A. In this study, we did not observe the positive effect of the addition of hempseed cake on the change of the FA content in favour of n-3.

The aim of the study was to determine the growth inhibition effect of terbutryn on freshwater algae Desmodesmus communis, Chlorella kessleri and cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. The experimental inhibition concentrations ranged from 0.004 to 1.250 mg/L. IC50 values analysed by the non-linear regression were as follows: 0.012 mg/L for Desmodesmus communis, 0.188 mg/L for Chlorella kessleri and 0.666 mg/L for Anabaena sp.

Quantitative analyses of phytoplankton in Zámecký pond were conducted during the period from April to October in years 2014, 2016 and 2017. Abundance was determined by counting cells in Bűrker chamber. The lowest abundance during the vegetative season was in the year 2014, and highest in 2017. Centric diatoms were the most dominant in April 2014. Genera of Chlorophyta (Scenedesmus, Desmodesmus, Oocystis, Monoraphidium, Coelastrum) common for fishponds were recorded in all months in different number, but with the highest density in June 2014 and April 2016. During the rest of the study period Cyanobacteria, which were mainly represented by the genera Dolichospermum, Microcystis, Aphanizomenon and species Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Pseudanabaena limnetica and Planktothrix agardhii was the most dominant division. Algal bloom occurred every year, with highest peaks in August 2014, September 2016 and July 2017. However, the big difference in abundance among study years was noticed. The highest phytoplankton density was recorded in July 2017, when 7.98 million cells per ml of water were registered, of which 55% was Dolichospermum flos-aquae and 44% species of genus Microcystis. The obtained abundance values from 2016 and 2017 are higher than any recorded before.

Proliferative kidney disease is a serious disease of salmonid fish. It causes economic losses in intensive salmonid fish farming and has been an increasing threat to wild salmonid populations in open waters. This prompts the question as to what are the risks of spreading and transmission of its causative agent Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae from intensive breeding farms to open waters. The aim of this study was to examine samples of salmonid fish from the open waters of the Czech Republic using molecular biological methods in order to find the incidence of T. bryosalmonae. A total of 212 salmonid fish were obtained from seven localities in the years 2016 and 2017. Obtained samples of kidney tissue were examined using PCR and real-time PCR. The presence of the parasite was confirmed using the molecular method in all the monitored locations. This is the first study focused on the presence of T. bryosalmonae in the open waters of the Czech Republic.

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of addition phytase enzyme together with citric acid to Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a Specific growth rate (SGR) in feed for common carp. The phytase addition increases the digestibility of phytate phosphorus from plant components in feed mixtures. The addition of citric acid (CA) optimize a pH level in guts for the phytase enzyme. For the experiment was prepared five types of feed. The basic component was a commercial mixture for carp (KP1) with 10% share of soybean meal. This mixture was fed to the control group. Next 4 experimental mixtures were prepared by addition of 500 FTU, 1000 FTU, 500 FTU + 3% of CA and 1000 FTU + 3% of CA. The test was made in 10 tanks (5 groups with one replication) with 15 specimens in each group. The test lasted 72 days. Results show statistically insignificant differences of production parameters in groups 500 FTU and 1000 FTU, but differences of FCR and SGR were statistically significant in groups 500 FTU+CA and 1000 FTU + CA. FCR of these groups decreased by 20% over the control group (one–way ANOVA: F=24, df=4, P=0.002). SGR increased by 11% over the control group (one–way ANOVA: F=17.93, d.f.=4, P=0.004).

Intensive fieldworks were undertaken in northern parts of Islamic Republic of Iran during midsummer seasons in 2017 and 2018. Overall species richness reached 35 species at 21 visited localities. Thirteen species from 5 families from the suborder Zygoptera and 22 species from 4 families from the Anisoptera suborders were recorded in our study. The most valuable species caught were e. g., Epallage fatime, Coenagrion pulchellum, C. lunulatum, Aeshna vercanica, Caliaeshna microstigma, Cordulegaster vanbrinkae, C. nobilis, Sympetrum flaveolum, S. vulgatum decoloratum or Selysiothemis nigra. First time Aeshna vercanica is documented from Gilan Province and Cordulegaster nobilis for Ardabil Province. Its habitat in this province is discussed.

Forests play a significant role in the protection of biodiversity and ecological functions. In the areas exposed to fire risks, forests are important carbon reservoirs, which represent a source of emissions during fires. Fire regime is not a characteristic feature of the Central European area. As global warming and climate change continues, fires threaten central European countries more frequently. In the past, fire risk was relatively low, and fires threatened Central Europe only under extreme weather fluctuations, but in the last years these anomalies have occurred more frequently, and it is assumed that their course and intensity will gradually increase. In the presented paper we deal with the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions from forest fires. We base our work on the inventory methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We tried to apply its individual conceptions (TIER 1–3) in the conditions of Slovakia, and presented the problems of their applications. The results indicate that the conceptions differ in the quantification of biomass available for burning, which was underestimated in the case of TIER 1 conception in comparison to TIER 2 and TIER 3, and also in the quantification of emissions. The emissions produced during the flameless burning phase were underestimated, while the CO₂ emissions were slightly overestimated when comparing TIER 2 and TIER 3 approaches. The final assessment of the whole process points out at the problematic issues in the calculations of GHG emissions. To determine the overall accuracy of this calculation it will be necessary to pay more attention to the mentioned problematic issues.

In this study, the floristic composition of ski piste grasslands was compared between the plots treated and untreated by the artificial snow. Research was accomplished in the four ski centers of Central Slovakia (Inner Western Carpathians; temperate zone) located under 1000 m a.s.l. To identify floristic diversity, the Shannon-Wiener's diversity index and Pielou's evenness index was calculated from the vegetation relevés. Results showed occurrence of the varied vegetation mosaic (comprising four to five vegetation units - alliances), both on the treated and untreated plots. Floristic composition of studied plots contained species typical for: i.) mesic hay meadows, ii.) mesic pastures and disturbed perennial grasslands, iii.) mesic montane meadows, iv.) grasslands of deforested sites of montane belts, and v.) oligotrophic grasslands. Species diversity between treated and untreated plots was significantly different in one of four ski centers, while species evenness was significantly different in two of four assessed ski centers. Mixture of species is result of the past and present management activities. Studied ski pistes were based on the mesic hay meadows, pastures and perennial grasslands that were originally natural mesic forests. Operation of the ski pistes on the existing grasslands and meadows can finally save these plant communities against the succession and degradation as in the studied sites. Fundamental differences in the species composition between the plots treated and untreated by the artificial snow was not observed.

The general extinction of organisms belongs to significant environmental problems through the world. In addition to the rare species which long-term occurred only on several localities, we face today the problem of a massive retreat of number of species that perhaps seven decades ago were considered to be relatively common. Primarily competitive weak species retreat or local extinct in behalf of the stronger competitive ones, the better adapted to human-modified eutrophic agriculture landscape. Using very detailed local floristic data of Pedicularis palustris and P. sylvatica north of Velké Meziříčí (southeastern Bohemian-Moravian Highlands), we demonstrate continual retreat of species abundances in two-time periods, recent situation with state approximately twenty years ago. Pedicularis palustris was historically known from two localities in the region, both of them disappeared and the species has not been found for more than ten years. Pedicularis sylvatica survives only on a third of the sites known from 1990s, with a large decrease in abundances. Multiple factors, eutrophication, abandonment of land, warmer and drier climate periods, unsuitable local-management practices in some cases, speed up significantly the process of local species extinction, within a relatively short time period of twenty years. Similar fate has met also other species of plants or animals in different regions.

The study was focused on pollination in haskap (varieties Viola and Gerda). The aim was to verify impact of free pollination on fruit harvest and to observe bee haskap pollinators. The percent fruit set was compared among four treatments: free pollination, hand-self/cross-pollination and no manipulation. The significantly highest production was found under free pollination in the both varieties. The fruit production under isolation was without statistically significant differences with except of Viola in the hand-cross-pollinated treatment. Similarly in case of the fruit weight, the differences were highly significant in the both varieties Gerda and Viola. The significantly heaviest fruits were under free pollination in both varieties. The average fruit weight in Viola under isolation was significantly higher only in hand-cross-pollinated treatment. In Gerda, only treatment without manipulation was significantly different from hand-cross pollination. The free pollination resulted in earlier and shorter harvesting in the both varieties. Entomophilous character of haskap is proven exactly. The hand-cross-pollination was not able to maximize the fruit set. This proves that there is any unspecified impact of pollinators on effectivity of pollination in haskap. Preliminary results on haskap bee pollinator diversity suggest preference by long-tongued bees especially bumblebees. Other experiments have to be carried out to more clarify the reasons for low haskap productivity under isolation with hand-cross-pollination.

This paper work discusses and evaluates the results of the impact of several types of cover materials on the soil erosion in the vineyards in the Czech Republic. The experiment was based on four variants where three types of cover materials were selected for the protection against soil erosion: cereal straw (var. A, the consumption of covering material was 1200 g/m²), wood chips (var. B, the consumption of cover material was 4000 g/m²) and compost (var. D, the consumption of cover material was 2000 g/m²). The fourth control variant (var. C) consisted of a cultivated interlayer without cover material. During the measurements in years 2017–2018, the soil was picked up by the tools very similar to “catch pocketsˮ. The conclusive results of the evaluation indicate the positive effect of the cover materials on the protection of soil erosion even when affecting the soil moisture. Out of all evaluated variants, the washout was not recorded in Variant A, in which the mulching material was in form of cereal straw. For other cover materials, a small amount of washout was recorded in the range between 0.02–15.00 g/m², which was directly related to the total rainfall precipitation. The results showed that the highest number of soil washout (15 g/m²) occurred, when the control variant without the use of cover material was applied. The results also show the positive effect of mulching materials on the values of soil moisture. The highest average soil moisture was in two-years period measured in the soil covered by the cereal straw (26.54–32.43% vol.), on the other hand, the lowest soil humidity was measured in the fourth control variant (20.45–22.74% vol.).

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill Łubna was the last place where non-sorted MSW from Warsaw were directed. The paper presents the evaluation of reclamation works on the MSW landfill of Łubna. The remediation works conducted since 1996 include: installation of bentonite barrier, leachate drainage system, shaping and stabilization berms or mineral and biological cover. The aim of reclamation works in the landfill was to improve the condition of the natural environment. Moreover, the paper presents the concept of landscaping of the MSW landfill Łubna. It is proposed to use the area of approximately 22 ha as a recreation area with thematic zones.

The Czech Republic is characterized by high fragmentation of settlements and high number of very small municipalities. The high fragmentation of municipalities in the Czech Republic has long been discussed. The debaters indicate a number of problems arising from management and sustainability of a very small municipality as well as a lack of willingness to merge the municipalities. This research deals with the problems of very small municipalities of up to 200 inhabitants in the South Moravian Region perceived by their own mayors. The mayors of selected very small municipalities are contacted and in a semi-structured interview they are asked about the problems they register in the municipality. The most interviewed mayors perceive as a problem a high unnecessary increasing administration. Problems associated with municipal management generally occur in interviews very often. Other common problems are social problems such as population decline or moving socially weak and troubled people, which occur mainly in districts distant from Brno (Hodonín and Znojmo districts).

This research was aimed at determining the compost phytotoxicity that was based on waste from catering, restaurants and similar facilities. Research has shown whether gastro waste compost can be used to enrich the soil as an organic fertilizer. For composting were selected raw materials like rice, potatoes and vegetables, which were composted in an electric composter for 4 weeks. After this time the compost was tested for the Phytotoxkit test. The compost was tested at various concentrations of 25%, 50% and 100% and mixed with the OECD reference soil. For research were used seeds Sinapis Alba for their rapid germination and growth of the roots. Results from phytotoxicity test demonstrated compost is toxic for plant because no seed germinated.

At the present time of droughts, flash floods and diminishing biological diversity, ecological stability is one of the most important landscape indicators. A solution can be seen in the carefully worked-out plan of the Territorial System of Ecological Stability, which is –unlike other solutions-supported by the Czech legislation. The objective of this study is to assess the difference in ecological stability at the time of the Stable Cadastre and today in order to identify possibilities for designing stabilization elements in the landscape based on historic structures recorded in the Stable Cadastre. Ecological stability is calculated by using the ratio of relatively stable and unstable plots. Four cadastral areas used in the assessment (Terezín, Ratíškovice, Hodonín and Nový Poddvorov) fall under the Hodonín municipality with extended powers. In all monitored territories, since 1845, the ecological stability index has decreased. Therefore, studying a stable cadastre can help us to make positive changes in the landscape.

There is a growing acceptance of denitrifying bioreactors, an innovative in-situ treatment technology, as an effective tool for the removal of nitrates from agricultural outflows. Denitrifying bioreactors are containers or trenches filled with various types of organic material that releases bioavailable organic carbon over a long period. Wood-particle materials, such as sawdust and woodchips, are used most frequently as fill media. The presented research focuses on wet bioreactor shutdown during dry weather periods and its impact on nitrate removal rate and fill media leaching under various inflow NO₃^--N concentrations and hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The experiment was conducted in laboratory bioreactors filled with poplar woodchips at an average temperature of 19 °C, at inflow NO₃^--N concentrations of 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L, and at HRTs ranging from 1.6–2.1 d. Three shutdowns were performed, lasting two, two and three weeks, during which the fill media were kept flooded. The steady outflow NO₃^--N concentrations of all bioreactors were below 3 mg/L. Outflow COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) stabilised below 400 and 200 mg/L, respectively, while TKN (total Kjeldahl nitrogen) stabilised at 1 to 2 mg/L. The shutdowns did not significantly affect either the NO₃^--N removal process or the release of organic compounds from the denitrifying bioreactor fill media. Outflow TKN concentrations after recommissioning increased to 2–3.5 mg/L, subsequently decreasing to steady values within three weeks. The water stagnating in the bioreactors during their shutdowns contained elevated concentrations of NO₃^--N, COD, BOD and TKN (4–6 mg/L, 1,200–1,600 mg/L, 600–900 mg/L and 2.5–5 mg/L, respectively), but the volume of water was small. Thus, the long-term benefits brought to the aquatic environment by denitrifying bioreactors highly exceed the occasional negative impact of discharged stagnant water.

This paper deals with the practical application of phenological data. Ways of using phenological data are presented in case studies (from the area – applied and landscape ecology – occurrence of allergens and soil erosion, agriculture and climatology) for the Czech Republic (Central Europe). Phenological data were obtained from direct observations of the Czech hydrometeorological institute. Data were evaluated for different long-term periods (from 1931 to 2012). Period of pollen occurrence for common hazel, goat willow, white birch and small-leaved lime is defined in this article. Pollen of analysed trees can appear in landscape as follows: common hazel from the 33^rd day to the 118^th day of the year, goat willow from the 61^st day to the 125^th of the year, white birch from the 96^th day to the 138^th day of the year and small-leaved lime from the 163^rd day to the 215^th day of the year. Spring barley, maize and sugar beet were evaluated in this paper. Analysed phenological data show great variability in individual year. The prolongation of growing season was found out for spring barley in locality Branišovice (South Moravia, the Czech Republic). Prolongation of the growing season can be caused climate change, varietal specifics, sowing and harvest dates, sowing density, more powerful and modern agricultural machinery etc. Length of the growing season is one of the main factors influencing the value of protective effect of vegetation (so called factor C). It has been found that the longer the crop on the plot is the lower the value of factor C.

Phthalates (PAEs) are organic esters of phthalic acid used mainly as plasticizers in the production of PVC products, but also as additives in the production of paints and varnishes. The content of plasticizers in soft PVC products may reach up to 40–60%. With the global yearly production of phthalates estimated at approx. 5–8 million tons, large amounts of PAEs had to end up on the landfills and therefore can be found in high concentrations in the municipal landfills leachate. The landfills without proper environmental protection systems may pose a threat to the environment and human health. In this research two landfills with different "history and parameters" were studied. First landfill was closed in 2011 and a remediation process started in 1996, while the second one is currently under a closing process but is still in use. Those landfills were compared in terms of phthalates concentration in raw leachate. It was found that most of the PAEs concentrations were below LOQ, with an exception of DEHP, DBP and DIBP. The highest DEHP concentrations were detected on landfill 1 in 2015, in summer, ranging from 32.2 to 38.6 µg/l, autumn <LOQ to 20.2 µg/l and winter 16.5 to 19.6 µg/l. Also in summer 2015 the highest DEHP concentrations were detected on landfill 2 (ranging from <LOQ to 19.3 µg/l). During the study no correlation between the sampling seasons and PAEs concentrations were observed. Moreover, the landfill 1 releases more DEHP than landfill 2 because it contains more than fivefold amount of waste. Interesting fact is that landfill 1 underwent remediation in 1996 and has been closed for many years (since 2011) but DEHP emissions are still present in the leachate. In 83% of studied all samples DEHP concentrations exceeded (from 2.5 to 18.7 times) the acceptable EU limits for surface water (1.3 µg/l).

Landfilling is one of the most common methods of waste management (WM). Landfilling of municipal solid waste (MSW) can pose a risk to the environment. During the disposal of waste, many physical, chemical and biological reactions occur in the landfill body, and pollutants (e.g. heavy metals) are generated that pose contamination of water present. Those contaminated waters are called leachate. Leachate water is drained into a leakage drainage pond which is isolated from the surrounding environment by a HDPE foil. However, there is a risk of contamination of the surrounding environment and therefore the quality of leachate water must be monitored. This study focuses on the assessment of leachate effects on plant material (Cannabis sativa L. and Sinapis alba L.). The phytotoxic effect of landfill leachate was provided according to the modified semichronic test to Cannabis sativa L. and Sinapis alba L. The methodology consists of establishing a phytotoxicity test using vital Cannabis sativa L. and Sinapis alba L. seeds and leachate samples in laboratory conditions. Seeds of hemp and mustard are cultivated in Petri dishes on a leachate solution of varying concentrations. From the comparison of the results (root lengths) and the reference samples, the inhibition or stimulation of leachate on plant growth is calculated. The conducted tests clearly show that the susceptibility of Sinapis alba L. to noxious agents is higher than in the other surveyed plant. Inhibition in mustard seeds at concentrations 50%, 75% and 100% was high. At the concentration of 20%, mustard exhibited a certain resistance and did not respond to harmful substances so sensitively as at the other concentrations. Both in mustard and in cannabis, the growth of roots was in some cases stimulated at the concentration of 20%.

The use of sulphur dioxide has a long history in viniculture. Due to its negative effect on human health, it is necessary to search for substances that could reduce, or even exclude, the need for sulphur dioxide in wine making. One option is use of saturated medium–chain fatty acids (MCFA) that can inhibit yeast activity. In this study, the effect of mixing octanoic acid (C₈), decanoic acid (C₁₀) and dodecanoic acid (C₁₂) in the ratio 2 : 7 : 1, respectively, on their residuals and sensory properties is examined. After application of six different concentrations in combination with two doses of SO₂, the MCFA content was measured and sensory analysis was performed. The results show that the higher the dose of MCFA is, the more of them were bound to the yeast bodies and the lower the content is in the wine. Sensory analysis shows a dose of 20 mg/l as a limit, below which consumers are unable to perceive differences among MCFA doses, and the odour of MCFA declines with the duration of wine ageing.

This experiment focuses on the use of dry ice for maceration in rosé wine. Wines produced using two different methods, a short maceration and a cold maceration for 14 days, are compared in this paper. The wines were made from the Blaufränkisch variety. We focused on analysing total polyphenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, and total flavanols. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH test. Each method was determined spectrophotometrically by a biochemical analyser. We confirmed a higher content of all these measured values in rosés in the cold maceration. Polyphenolic compounds were increased by 17% and antioxidant activity by almost 80%. Flavanol content was increased by 170% and anthocyanin content by 50%. Sensory analysis results were interesting as wine produced by cold maceration proved to be more intense and richer in aroma and taste.

Phthalic acid esters are plasticizers that are used in plastics. They are also used in plastics that come into contact with food. Our study investigated the effect of temperature and time on the concentration of phthalates. They were studied meat products wrapped in vacuum plastic packaging heat-treated in a water bath at 70 °C for 4 hours and for 8 hours, when part of the samples were exposed to reheating at 70 °C for 1 hour. All samples were in three repeats. Two esters, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were determined both in the corresponding plastic packaging and in the meat products. And it was found that the concentrations of the two phthalic acid esters were decreased with the longer time of the heat treatment in the plastic packages, but the re-heating for 1 hour caused the concentrations increase. The average concentration in the heat-treated meat products, at a concentration of 1 gram of fat, was both DBP and DEHP higher with a longer heat treatment time (70 °C /4 hours and 70 °C /8 hours). After reheating for one hour, the DBP concentrations were higher than without reheating, and the DEHP concentrations were increased at 70 °C/4 hours + 1 hour than without reheating and decrease at 70 °C/8 hours + 1 hour than without reheating.

In our study, yoghurts with 1% and 3% baobab powder, milk thistle flour, cricket flour, chia flour were sensory evaluated. The basic raw material was used natural yogurt with a fat content of 1.5% and 3.5%. The worste valuated yogurts were with cricket flour, the best in the total impression was natural yoghurt with the fat content of 3.5%, the yoghurt with 3% of baobab powder (fat yogurt 1.5%), the yoghurt with 1% milk thistle flour (1.5% fat yoghurt), the yoghurts with chia flour (1.5% fat yoghurt) and the natural 1.5% fat yoghurt.

Chicken skin is a product obtained from the poultry meat processing. This tissue contains mainly fat and proteins, especially collagen. Collagen could be gained from a purification process in which undesirable components, such as fats, pigments and globular proteins, are extracted from the skin. Purified collagen might be used as a starting material for the preparation of high gel strength gelatines applied in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Chicken skins are also suitable for processing into collagen hydrolysates of various molecular weights with different purposes as food and cosmetic additives. The aim of this study was to prepare gelatines from chicken skins. Prior to the extraction, non-collagen parts from chicken skin were removed with 1M NaCl, 0.5% NaOH; fats were removed with mixture of Petroleum Ether and Ethanol (1:1). 5 samples of gelatines were prepared by extraction with hot water after pre-treatment with proteolytic enzyme. Effect of extraction conditions, different extraction temperatures (40–80 °C) and fixed extraction time (60 min), on gelatine gel strength and yield of the process, were examined. Yields of extracted gelatines ranged between 42–72%. Gel strengths of prepared gelatine samples were between 252–354 Bloom. What is more, prepared chicken skin gelatines were compared with commercial pork and beef gelatines. Results displayed that prepared chicken skin gelatines have comparable gel strength with commercial gelatines.

The aim of this work was to monitor changes of rheological properties of liquid quail egg products depending on the types and concentration of additive substances (sugar, salt, citric acid, triethyl citrate, soya lecithin and protein). Viscosity values were determined at the temperature of 21 °C using a rotating viscometer with a standard spindle at the shear strain rates of 0.279/s, 2.79/s, and 27.9/s. The rheological behaviour of liquid quail egg products (egg yolk, egg albumen and whole egg) was carried out using a concentric cylinder system. Experimental results were modelled using power-law (also known as Ostwald-de Waele) model. Flow curves of all liquid egg products exhibited non-Newtonian behaviour.

Brewing water is one of the basic raw materials for beer production and knowledge of its composition and pH is essential for the proper conduct of the entire brewing process. In this work it was observed how the composition of water influences OG, ABV and content of B vitamins. This paper is dedicated to synthetic water production by adding chemicals to deionized water. These models of hard and soft water were used for brewing pale bottom-fermented beer. Samples of wort, hopped wort, young beer and beer were taken during different phases of beer production. Then they were modified according to the chosen method and analysed. For B vitamins HPLC-DAD was used for quantification. According to the results water pH affects analytes content during the beer production and in the final product. Hard water seemed to be a better extraction buffer and its composition (pH) positively affected some processes during brewing technology. One of them was obtaining higher OG compared to soft water. The beer made from hard water also contained more B vitamins.

Considering the increasing demand of new sources of high quality foods, this study evaluates the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds and fatty acids composition in sea buckthorn and rose hip oil produced by screw cold pressing. The highest yields when producing the sea buckthorn oil were reached by the 6 mm of nozzle diameter at 50 rpm speed (0.0767 kg of oil per 1 kg of seeds) and when producing the rose hip oil, it was by the 6 mm of nozzle diameter at 30 rpm speed (0.0116 kg of oil per 1 kg of seeds). The results show the high level of PUFA values 51.39% in sea buckthorn oil and 76.23% in rose hip oil. The predominant fatty acid was linoleic, 31.76% in sea buckthorn oil and 54.10% in rose hip oil. The antioxidant capacity of the sea buckthorn oil was 54.67 mg (TEA)/g and of the rose hip oil were 64.45 mg (TEA)/g. The total phenolic compounds of the sea buckthorn oil were 43.71 mg (GAE)/g and of the rose hip oil was 46.77 mg (GAE)/g. The values of both parameters (DPPH and TPC) are in both oils very similar.

The aim of this research was to observe changes of fatty acids content in liver tissues of model animals after different diet. Within the experiment the male rats of the laboratory strain Wistar Albino were used and divided into five groups. Model animals were fed daily ad libidum with basic feed mixture (control group) and feed mixture enriched of 8% of selected oils for 10 weeks. Schizochytrium alga oil – DHA oil and fish oil (test groups), safflower oil and palm oil (negative control groups) were used. At the end of the experiment the liver tissue of rats was removed and analyzed. Fatty acids content was determined with usage of gas chromatography based on the combination of lipid extraction and derivatization. It was concluded that fatty acids content in liver tissue of rats is influenced by addition of tested oils in the diet. Dietary changes, particularly replacement of some dietary components, could reduce the risk of inflammatory diseases.

Basic principle of production F1 seeds of Petunia hybrida is pollination of maternal component with pollen collected from paternal plants. The aim of production companies is to make this process most effective in terms of costs and one way how to achieve it is to eliminate the waste. The aim of this experiment was to determine if pollen diluted with microcrystalline cellulose can be used for successful pollination. This would represent significant reduction of pollen and paternal plants needed for F1 seeds production. Maternal plants were pollinated by: 100% pollen, pollen diluted with 50% of microcrystalline cellulose and pollen diluted with microcrystalline cellulose in 1:1 ratio and number of formed seeds per seed capsule was examined. Based on the results from 4 hybrid combinations, there was no statistically significant difference. Maternal plants can be pollinated with the pollen diluted with microcrystalline cellulose in 1:1 ratio, which represents 50% less paternal plants needed.

Regulated protein turn-over is one of the key determining factors of successful plant growth and development. Not only protein synthesis but also targeted protein degradation was widely reported to be involved in multiple metabolic or regulatory processes in cells (e.g. removing of negative regulators in different signalling pathways, mobilization of storage compounds or degradation of misfolded proteins). Seed germination is a crucial phase of plants life which is characterized with highly intensive proteome dynamics, caused by degradation of stored proteins and de novo proteosynthesis. Here, we focused on the effect of proteasome degradation on seed germination and seedling establishment, using Arabidopsis thaliana ubc mutant lines. Further, we employed an LC-MS profiling to study this effect at proteome level. Our results indicate a significant overlap of candidate proteins between all tested ubc lines, even though the reported expression patterns of chosen UBCs are significantly different.

Lycorin (LYC) is an inhibitor of the growth in higher plants through the inhibition of the last step of ascorbic acid biosynthesis. Ascorbates are mainly involved in regulation of intracellular levels reactive oxygen species. There is still limit information about its green microalgal toxicity and specificity. Therefore, present experiment was focused on the LYC toxicity on the green microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, moreover the cells of microalgae were exposed to UV-C irradiation to increase ROS. The attention was primary given to the antioxidant response. The higher concentrations than 25 μM LYC with 30 min UV-C (250 nm) exposure absolutely inhibited the growth. 10 μM LYC and 25 μM LYC treatment together with UV-C irradiation suppress the growth caused oxidation stress and enhances antioxidant response.

Temperature is a key environmental factor in plant production and its extremes cause high annual losses in agriculture. In this work, we have focused on the role of light conditions during cold acclimation process on the recovery of the growth after the freezing stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Some mechanisms inducing cold tolerance were already been found but the role of light in these processes is still far from being resolved. Here we monitored the effect of the light during cold acclimation period on the recovery of the growth after the freezing stress. Our results show that the growth after the freezing stress represented by petiole elongation was attenuated in plants acclimated under standard light conditions and red light promoted faster recovery of the petiole growth. Our data demonstrate that light quality plays important role in recovery of the growth after the freezing stress.

Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate, biotrophic pathogen causing a clubroot disease in Brassicaceae species. Here we employed an LC-MS proteomics analysis to identify major P. brassicae proteins within the infected roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified over 300 proteins and employed bioinformatics to assign putative functions to the top-ranking proteins. The identified proteins include for example salicylic acid methyltransferase or an orthologue of Phytophthora infestans HSP 70 protein.

Abscisic acid is a plant hormone that affects many biological processes during plant lifespan including stomatal movement, seed and bud dormancy and organ size. Nevertheless, the role of abscisic acid in photomorphogenesis remains rudimentary. To study the role of abscisic acid in different light conditions, the characterization of homozygous mutant lines in biosynthetic gene encoding zeaxanthin epoxidase (ABA1) is essential for genetic studies. Here, we present isolation and characterization of one of the T-DNA insertion mutant lines of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Colombia-0, where the insertion is located in 5´ UTR region (SALK_027326). We identified the homozygous plants from a segregating parental line by PCR. The corresponding PCR products were identical to those of a confirmed homozygous line (SALK_027326C). However, the ABA1 transcript abundance in isolated homozygous line was almost identical to the ABA1 transcript abundance in the wild-type plants, as was revealed by RT-qPCR analysis. Because the phenotype of the selected homozygous line was also similar to wild-type plants in response to a low light, we conclude that the 5´ UTR mutation in the ABA1 gene does not affect the gene function and thus this line is not an eligible candidate for further genetic studies.

Effective application of phytoremediation practices requires understanding of physiological responses of various plant species to heavy metal contamination in different environments. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a multipurpose crop is a good model to study these processes thanks to it’s economical value and sturdiness. Two cultivars of industrial hemp exposed to landfill leachate containing heavy metals were grown in hydroculture during a time period of four weeks. Morphological characteristics, photosynthesis and content of pigments were evaluated. Both hemp cultivars seem to present a suitable plant species for phytoremediation practices, at least over a short time period and as long as leachate concentration stays low.

Plant responses to synthetic organic compounds (xenobiotics) involve coordinated physiological, biochemical and signaling events. Cytokinin acts in the integration of growth control and stress response and recent works demonstrated various effects of cytokinin on glutathione content and glutathione-dependent detoxification of toxic metals/metalloids. However, the role of cytokinin in plant responses to organic xenobiotic which sequestration relies on glutathione conjugation remains to be elucidated. Here, for the first time, we probed the role of cytokinin in plant response to xenobiotics whose detoxification pathway involves formation of glutathione conjugates. We found that increased endogenous cytokinin content lowers plant resistance to triazine herbicide atrazine, chloroacetanilide herbicides, such as alachlor and metolachlor, and herbicide safeners benoxacor and fenclorim. The cytokinin-deficient plants even exhibited an enhanced tolerance to metolachlor. Altogether, we found that cytokinin modulates xenobiotic stress response, which might be of potential importance in herbicide selectivity or phytoremediation strategies.

Histological freezing technique is a quick and gentle method of tissue preparation for identifying the microscopic structure. Lung tissue belongs to the less compact structures and its proper histological processing required testing of several available procedures. The optimization of freezing pulmonary tissue leads to more accurate detection of the pathological process in the lungs and better understanding pathogenesis of respiratory diseases of pigs, especially the porcine pneumonia. The aim of this work was to find a way of preserving the morphological structure of the lungs as in a physiological state. We used pulmonary tissue from 4 laboratory rats and 4 domestic pigs and freezing of samples in liquid nitrogen, iso-pentane, n-heptane and the usual process in the freezer. The results show the most appropriate procedure was after isolation of the lungs, filled part of lung over the bronchus by mixture of 1 : 1 Tissue Tek (O.C.T. Compound) with phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) and frozen in super-cooled n-heptane placed on dry ice and samples store at -80 °C.

Intramammary infection promotes increase in production of two isoforms of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) which are TGF-β1 and TGF-β2. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of TGF-β1 during an inflammatory response of bovine mammary gland induced by peptidoglycan of S. aureus. The experiment was performed on 32 mammary glands of 8 healthy virgin crossbred heifers. Lavages of the mammary glands were analysed using sandwich ELISA technique. The results showed that stimulation with peptidoglycan led to a significant increase in the concentration of TGF-β1. We suggest that peptidoglycan of S. aureus stimulated immune cells to production of TGF-β1 at least in three days following stimulation of mammary glands. TGF-β1 is one of the most important cytokines in restoring the mammary gland within mastitis and stimulation with peptidoglycan helped us see the heifer’s mammary gland immune response.

The large-scale poultry production has led to the search for new feed materials that can be used in this sector. Such a material may be algae, which contains many biologically active compounds from its biomass. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of preparations based on extract of Spirulina platensis algae on selected biochemical parameters of the blood of the studied birds. The tested parameters were total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, calcium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. In addition, the effect of the extract used on the immune system of birds and the level of specific antibodies after vaccination with a combination vaccine was also checked. The obtained results showed the effect of the preparations on the activity of liver enzymes. Potential immunomodulatory properties of one of used preparations were also demonstrated.

The aim of this work was to analyse inflammatory cytokines – the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the interleukin 10 (IL-10) during an inflammatory response of bovine mammary gland induced by peptidoglycan. The study was carried out on clinically healthy heifers. Obtained leukocytes were incubated for 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or with peptidoglycan under in vivo conditions. The concentration of TNF-α by leukocytes of the bovine mammary gland was higher [PBS: 147.82 pg/ml (±22.56), peptidoglycan: 822.43 pg/ml (±80.07)] than the production of IL-10 by bovine mammary gland leukocytes [PBS: 0 pg/ml (±0), peptidoglycan: 35.56 pg/ml (±7.88)]. Level of IL-10 was the highest in 72 hours of incubation in the mammary gland. Level of TNF-α was the highest in 24 hours of incubation in the mammary gland.

Cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) is a membrane bound protein involved in various biological processes such as being an electron transfer. In pigs, CYB5A is positively correlated to the level of androstenone in fat and also single nucleotide polymorphism in this gene is associated with lower androstenone in fat. We have analysed four SNPs in the promoter region of CBY5A gene with relative frequencies of alleles (g.165901487delG where G=0.637, g.165901767T>C where T=0.786 and C=0.214, g.165902078C>T where C=0.629 and T=0.370 and AFO16388:c.-G>T where G=0.629 and T=0.370). Same relative frequencies for alleles in g.165902078C>T and AFO16388:c.-G>T suggest their genetic linkage. Association analysis of the four SNPs and indole, skatole or androstenone have not shown any significant associations, but this might be due to the small number of animals analysed.

The identification of insect inhabiting dead bodies is particularly relevant in forensic science, especially for post-mortem interval determination, as evidence of post-mortem manipulation of the body, evidence of the presence of toxic substances, etc. This work deals with the determination of forensically important insects occurring in cold months and extreme conditions based on molecular-genetic analyzes. For this purpose, several experimental fields were established in several locations of South Moravia. Model organisms were domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). During the experiment, 11 species of necrophagous fauna were found on cadavers, of which 6 were of the order Diptera and 5 of the order Coleoptera. In the second part of experiment these species were verified by molecular genetic methods.

Cytokine network is very complicated and new knowledge about these proteins is important to develop better system of prevention, diagnosis and therapy of mastitis including decrease of antibiotic treatment. The study was implemented on eight selected healthy heifers. Leukocytes were obtained by lavage of the mammary gland 24 hours following the mammary gland stimulation by phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS). Leukocytes were cultivated for three different times. The first were cultivated for one hour, next two hours and eighteen hours. For cultivating was using peptidoglycan. Concentration of IL-1β and IFN-γ was measured by ELISA. IL-1β has the higher concentration after one hour cultivation and IFN-γ after two hours cultivation. Stimulation of mammary gland leukocytes with peptidoglycan resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of cytokines in comparison to the control. The concentration of IL-1β peaked at 1-hour incubation. In 2 and 18 hours, there were found decreasing of the concentration of this cytokine.

The aim of the present study was to characterize ZP2 protein in bovine ovarian follicle cells and oocytes with different meiotic competence. A distinct band with molecular weight of about 68 kDa was demonstrated in bovine follicular cells and oocytes before and after maturation using polyclonal antibodies against ZP2 glycoprotein and the method of western blotting. Specific differences in ZP2 protein content were found among follicular cells, meiotically more and less competent bovine oocytes.

The aim of this study was to find and test some microsatellites located in MHC I region and describe its variability and suitability for future testing and usability for multiplex PCR. The model organisms for this study were six dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) from the Sumatra island. DNA samples were isolated from the hair of animals. Microsatellites, detected and analysed in this study, were located on major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) coded region. Four microsatellites were tested and verified (CAM_I_01, CAM_I_03, CAM_I_18 and CAM_I_29). Microsatellites regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers. The results of fragment analysis showed that all markers have at least two or three alleles except CAM_I_18 which had only one allele. This microsatellite appeared monomorphic and unsuitable for future variability studies.

The main aim of this study was to compare expression of collagen I gene (COL1A1) in the healing skin of rats fed the diets enriched with docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) fatty acid. The total of fifty Wistar Albino rats were divided into five groups (ten animals in each group). The animals were fed the basic mixture with addition of Schizochytrium microalga extract (D), palm oil (P), fish oil (R), and safflower oil (S), respectively. Group K served as a control fed the basic feed mixture alone. Animals were fattened eight weeks by respective diets and then excisions on their back were made by puncher in anesthesia. RNA was isolated from the samples of the healing tissue ten days post-excision and expression of the COL1A1 and β-actin (reference gene) was measured by the real-time PCR. COL1A1 gene expression in the D, P, R and S samples, did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from the control (K), therefore the hypothesis that EPA/DHA increase COL1A1 expression was not proved.

Laboratory results of spraying maize plants using a multi-rotor drone are presented. The XR11001 flat fan sprayer from TeeJet was used for the tests. The liquid pressure in installation was 0.2 MPa. The height of corn plants was 1.6 m and 0.9 m above the soil surface. The drone was equipped with electric motors DJI 4114, kV – 400 and propellers with dimensions 15 x 2.2". The influence of the air stream produced by the drone rotors and the plant height on the plants sprayed from the drone spray stream was investigated. The research showed the dependence of the distribution of the deposited liquid on individual parts of plants from plant height and air flow.

Examination of the coat is mainly based on determining the diameter of the hair, breaking strength, heat protection, etc. However, it is possible to determine the quality of the hair coat by testing the electrical characteristics, because this method is characterized by high sensitivity. It defines changes already at the molecular level, which may allow for more accurate determination of fiber quality and enable recognition of changes occurring in it. The test consists in detecting differences by means of current flow based on the dependence related to the permeability or resistance of the tested material. In the following work, the study was based on the detection of changes due to the level of impedance, i.e. complex resistance compared to the results of heat resistance of the breaking strength and the diameter of the hair. Research on electrical features showed a slightly higher level of resistance between llama and alpaca wool. There was also a significant difference (P<0.05) in the diameter of the hair, llama wool was characterized by a larger diameter than alpaca wool. On the other hand, the results of heat resistance and breaking strength did not show any significant differences.

The presence of heavy metals have negative effect on sewage sludge anaerobic stabilization mainly on biogas production and quality. The objective of this study was to monitor pH, volatile acids (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric) content in sludge and biogas production and quality during the anaerobic stabilization of sewage sludge in laboratory conditions (38 °C ± 0.2 ºC, hydraulic retention time 20 days), and to observe the effect of copper addition on the above parameters. Hypothesis which predicted the changes of monitored parameters mainly biogas quantity and quality, volatile acid content and pH after copper addition, was partly confirmed. There were no significant differences in biogas and methane production after addition of 600 and 800 mg Cu²⁺/l. On the other hand, significant differences can be seen on pH, acetic and propionic content in sludge and hydrogen content in biogas. These parameters were significantly affected by different concentrations of copper.

The purpose of this article is to verify the measurement of the proposed laboratory equipment for the testing of hydrostatic transducers that serves to monitor the operation and evaluation of the components of the hydraulic circuit and the energy carrier used. The aim is to test the operation of the proposed hydraulic circuit within the range of selected operating pressures, flows and temperatures of the working fluid using the hydraulic pump of the QHD-17R tractor used in hydraulic drives of agricultural and forestry tractors. Using the verification measurement, we have proven that the proposed laboratory test equipment is suitable for testing hydraulic components as well as potential for testing and monitoring changes in the physical and chemical properties of hydraulic fluids.

This work deals with testing the reliability of clamping of jaws with special cable clamps used in power engineering. The clamp is one of the pivotal elements of the power lines. This is where the power cable is fastened. In case of overloading and subsequent malfunction, a dangerous situation has occurred, in the extreme situation of falling down the power line lead directly to the ground. Testing the fastening capability of this element is therefore a matter that is important to deal with. A special device simulating the actual clamp load in practice was developed for test carrying cable clamps. The test system was connected to a universal blasting device, and the maximum load force was found to pull the deflected object, or to deform or destroy the clamp. The aim is to determine the specific load force for this load-bearing element, which will without fail perform its function with respect to the required safety.

Work is focused on Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) in 3D printing with accented printing of samples from polyactid acid (PLA), which is a most common material used in 3D printing. The standard dog-bone shaped samples reinforced by internal ribs arranged in a grid with two different densities – 10% and 20% of internal sample volume filled by ribs, were tested for tensile strength. The development of surface strain fields during loading were analysed by a non-destructive method based on the digital image correlation (DIC) principles. It was concluded that in comparison of load curves and strain fields the support grid volume had a great effect on ultimate tensile force and deformation response of samples. From DIC pictures taken in individual loading phases it can be determined the places exhibiting the smallest surface strains, where the support ribs are located.

Quality, composition and composition ratio of raw material dosed into the biogas plant can influence a production of biogas. In raw material, a lot of unwanted components like heavy metals and other substances can be found. Their presence can lead to the inhibition of anaerobic microorganisms and thus to the decrease in biogas production. The samples of raw material (maize silage, grass silage, and GPS) were obtained from 27 biogas plants in the Czech Republic. After collection, the samples were dried, ground, hashed and the presence of heavy metals was detected by Niton^TM XL3t GOLDD+ XRF analyser. A universal standard material for a biological matrix (set in the measuring device) was used for comparison. The study confirms a presence of commonly occurring elements in raw materials.

Nonwoven geotextiles have been widely used in drainage systems for more than 60 years as filters to prevent the mixing of materials of varying granularity and allow for adequate water flow normal to their plane. Unfortunately, in engineering applications, nonwoven geotextiles are exposed to mechanical, biological or/and chemical clogging. Clogging is the main mechanism affecting the durability of drainage systems due to the reduction of nonwoven geotextile water permeability. For that reason, the selection of suitable nonwoven geotextiles mainly involves determining the water permeability normal to the plane and clogging potential evaluation for a soil-geotextile system. However, most of the filtration criteria based on the comparison between an indicative diameter of the soil to be filtered and geotextile characteristic opening size only. In this paper compatibility between a internally unstable soil and a geotextile filter has been evaluated using the gradient ratio test. The obtained results allowed assessing directly the compatibility of the base soil and geotextile.

This thesis deals with the optimization of collection routes of separated waste in Velké Meziříčí. This waste is collected by the Technical Services VM s.r.o. The solution is designed using the well-known Traveling salesman problem method and the proposed algorithm is a combination of these methods. The algorithm is designed to work in the Maple algebraic system and the data were analysed using ArcGIS and Statistica. Gradual development and functionality of the algorithm is represented by resulting separate waste collection routes.

The paper aims at investigating the influence of the laboratory room temperature on sensitive of pore pressure transducers and pressure/volume controller readings. During such tests as these used in unsaturated triaxial cell, the crucial testing factor is the precise measurement of the pore air and water pressure/volume changes of the sample. For the purpose of the present study, a single wall triaxial cell equipped with digital pressure/volume controller filled with water was used to control the pore water pressure and to measure the volume change. For the water pressure change measurements the 2 and 3 MPa transducer was used. To be able to measure the respond of those devices a thermocouple and atmospheric pressure transducer were connected to the triaxial cell. The investigation revealed that due to small changes of the room temperature in laboratory the readings for pressure transducers varied +/–20 kPa, such change as of 7 °C, during 2 days lasting test, could cause obtaining the errors of pressure and volume readings exceeding the manufacturer’s declared values by as much as 10 times.

The article researches the influence of liquid pressure in a DGTJ60–11002 twin flat nozzle installed on a drone and the influence of air produced by moving drone rotators on changes in liquid volume transverse distribution of deposing drops stream on the patternator. The tests were conducted at liquid pressure of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 MPa. The significance of air stream influence on changes of transverse distribution shape of liquid volume deposed in a grooves of patternator was confirmed.

The paper deals with analyzing the quality of special welded joints made by “Cold Metal Transfer” or “CMT” welding method. The aim of the experiment is to determine the impact of CMT welding on corrosion degradation of the joint. For this purpose the combination of diverse materials was used. Aluminum alloy AlMg3 and hot-dip galvanized carbon steel were welded by CMT method with AlSi5 filler material. Due to different electrode potential of welded specimen the galvanic corrosion occurred. Selecting of proper coating prevents the degradation process. For correct choice of the coating layer parameters, recognizing of corrosion process behavior of CMT joint in corrosion degradation environment with consideration of mechanical strain loading is important. This work is focused on intensity of corrosion reaction analysis in order to invent the most suitable surface layer.

The article deals with welding of two basic, non-weldable materials: stainless steel X5CrNi 18-10 and titanium UNS N50400. Fusion welding of these basic materials is difficult because of the formation of brittle compounds which adversely affect the strength of the joint. Therefore, in the experiment, the interlayer was designed to weld the interlayer in the form of the AG104 additional material, which should make this heterogeneous weld successful. For arc welding, the TIG method was chosen. In order to avoid the adverse absorption of the gases of basic materials (especially titanium) and welding additive material, pure argon-protected welding was used. The quality of the resulting joint will be verified by a tensile test. Relief weld will be plotted graphically over the scanned 3D microscope. Also, the weld structure will be visualized by a 3D Keynes microscope image.

Additions of binders play a crucial role in pellet quality and can improve pellet physical features. Barley chopped straw mixed with fodder beet tuber pulp was used for the palletisation process. The article examined the influence of the addition of fodder beet pulp to the substrate and of substrate moisture content on granulates hardness and gravity drop resistance. The tested relative moisture content of the raw material equaled on average between 12.3, 19.1, and 24.9%. It was determined that both pulp content increase in the mixture and relative moisture content of the raw material increased granulate hardness. The increase of pulp content in the mixture resulted in an increase of granulate gravity drop resistance.

Plasmodiophora brassicae is an important pathogen, with a worldwide impact on agriculture. Here, we analysed an early response of Arabidopsis thaliana to P. brassicae infection. We employed a GC-MS metabolomics profiling and followed the free amino acid pool. The results indicate significant alterations in nitrogen metabolism and/or anaplerotic reactions.

A range of biological macromolecules as antibodies, enzymes or receptors function on principles based on selective recognition. These biological macromolecules are very often used in many technical applications due to their well-defined selectivity features. Unfortunately using of biomolecules is limited by their high production costs and low stability. Therefore, an idea of creation of synthetic materials with tailor-made molecular selectivity was presented. These materials are called molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs use molecular imprinting of chosen molecule to creating selective binding sites in cross-linked polymer. Technique of molecular imprinting has become one of the most efficient methods that are used for preparation of selective recognition materials. MIPs are stable, robust and have low production costs. In this work, the novel sensitive method for Staphylococcus aureus isolation and detection based on molecular imprinting was investigated. Molecularly imprinted layer was created on a surface of magnetic particles (MPs) due to ability of MPs pre-concentrate bacteria from large sample volumes. Fluorescence microscopy was used for detection of isolated bacteria.

The current study demonstrates design, preparation and characterization of biocompatible superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) coated with three different polymers polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polyoxyethylene stearate (POES) and chitosan (Chit). Such modified nanoparticles were loaded with doxorubicin, as model anticancer drug. Resulting complex has an exceptional stability in physiological conditions. The highest release of complexed Dox was in endosomal environment in case SPIONs with POES. The cytotoxic effects of the complex were tested using breast cancer/healthy epithelial cell lines. Use of SPIONs increased the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin when compared to free doxorubicin and decreased the cytotoxicity in healthy cells. The results demonstrate that modification of SPIONs could have a potential in nanomedicine as versatile nanoplatform to enhance efficiency of anticancer therapy.

In recent years the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-TOF MSI) is used for molecular mapping of diverse biomarkers such as proteins or peptides in animal/plant tissue sections. It takes full advantage of the benefits of MALDI-TOF technique which is the ability of rapid measurements of all mass spectra in a wide mass range and detection of analytes molecular weights. Interleukins, the group of mostly proinflammatory cytokines, are the proteins that are produced as immune response on bacterial infection Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia. The aim of this study was to develop a MALDI-TOF MSI method for quantitative visualization of spatial distribution of interleukins and other cell markers of lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages in porcine tissues of lymph nodes and lungs. The determination of the spatial distribution of produced proteins will bring further useful knowledge of the pathogenesis of this economically important disease of pigs, which can also contribute to reducing the consumption of antimicrobials.

Histamine, biologically active amine, is normally present in the body and it is involved in a local regulation of physiological processes. It occurs in food as a product of microbial decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine, and the ingestion of foods that contain high levels of histamine can lead to poisoning. Hence, the presence of this biogenic amine is considered as an indicator of food spoilage. Many different methods are available to detect the presence of histamine in food samples. The aim of this study was to design a fast and low-cost method for histamine identification employing magnetic isolation and subsequent reaction of desorbed histamine with ninhydrin for final ion exchange chromatography quantification.

In last decades, a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) was used for mapping the spatial distribution of different molecules, mainly peptides, proteins, lipids and metabolites, in different types of tissue. Cryosections are the best suited for getting as much information as possible because the preparation of samples for MALDI MSI does not include deparaffinization and antigen-retrieval steps which are needed in case of conventional formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. To analyse infection markers like interleukins in the tissue sections of porcine lungs affected by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, it was necessary to obtain very well prepared cryosections for MALDI MSI. Therefore, this work was focused on optimization of preparation of frozen porcine lungs and its cryosections with conserved morphological structure.

Nano minerals, especially trace minerals, are widely used in different fields, but mostly in animal systems. They can improve overall immunity and also a digestive efficacy in livestock. In this case, nanometals as nano mineral substances were synthetized, particular the zinc phosphate-based nanoparticles (ZnNPs). The antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains – E. coli, S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus was determined using different methods. After promising in vitro testing, the impact of these zinc nanoparticles on rats after oral exposure during 30 days of treatment was investigated. The antibacterial effects on rats gut microbiota were monitored, with the aim to reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria.

In this study, the fluorescence in vivo imaging was used to investigate the effect of selected nanoparticles – NPs (ZnO) on microalgae (Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris) growth. The intrinsic fluorescence was affected by application of nanoparticles into the growing medium (liquid and solid) due to a change in growth and metabolic activity of microalgae. Pigments, especially chlorophylls and carotenoids, are responsible for autofluorescence of microorganisms. Therefore, fluorescence can be used as a tool for rapid and easy evaluation of the expression of these compounds. These pigments minimize photooxidative cell damage. Pigments expression can be disturbed by other stress-related substances such as presence of NP that are likely to damage this protective mechanism i) indirectly (by formation of reactive oxygen species) and ii) directly (by disturbing biomembranes). Fluorescence imaging is an efficient and powerful technique, but its application to plants or algae is not very common. By fluorescence imaging and correlation with the total amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids, it was possible to evaluate the effect of NPs on individual microalgae specie by in vivo imaging.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) are used in lots of human applications because of their extraordinary nano scaled properties. Particularly, due to their photoprotective properties, they are used in topical dermatologic preparation and also as white pigment. Due to these properties their use in human life is more and more frequent. Despite the fact that nano dimension brings various beneficial properties, it could bring also bad features. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated a cytotoxicity of two types of biphasic TiO₂ NPs using distinct cells of epithelial origin. We found that TiO₂ NPs can induce cytotoxic stress resulting in fragmentation of DNA.

The electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS) method was optimized for determination of the arsenic content in high salinity samples. The combination of palladium (1 g/l) modifier, graphite furnace temperature program and graphite tube modified with tungsten carbide significantly reduced the matrix interference in the sample with NaCl concentration of 10 g/l. Optimized temperature program ensured the reduction of the background absorbance about 95–100%. The modification of graphite furnace surface by tungsten carbides ensured the shift of background absorbance prior to the absorbance of the analyte and considerable extension lifetime of graphite tubes.

IIt has been shown that sarcosine supplementation stimulates proliferation and invassivenes of prostate cells. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is not known. In the present study we demonstrate that sarcosine increases expression of calmodulin (CaM), an important intracellular signaling molecule. Through this, sarcosine activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinases signaling. Pathway of activation CaM-dependent protein kinases can activate regulation of mitosis, proliferation, cell death, gene transcription and phosphorylation/ dephosphorlation of proteins. This is done through CaM binding of four Ca²⁺ ions. Interestingly, in this study, we identified decrese in free Ca²⁺ correlating with sarcosine-induced up-regulation of CaM. The influence of CaM to cell cycle changes was further verified using post transcritrional gene silencing using CaM-siRNA complex. Co-treatment of prostate cells with CaM-siRNA and sarcosine showed decrease in CaM-dependent kinases and cell invasiveness compared to sarcosine treatment only.

Sulfur is an essential chemical element for all living organisms. Microorganisms can utilize reduced and oxidized sulfur, preferably sulfate because it can be easily utilized in their biological processes. In this article, the most notable pathways: assimilatory sulfate reduction, dissimilatory sulfate- and sulfur reduction were described. The resulting compound from all three pathways is toxic hydrogen sulfide. It has a negative impact on human health, the environment and due to its corrosive properties also limits some industrial processes. The chemical methods of its removal are costly; therefore, the biological methods are researching as an alternative. The promising organisms are phototrophic green and purple sulfur bacteria. They oxidize hydrogen sulfide present in the environment, resulting in the creation of elemental sulfur.

The effects of surface modifications (PEGylation and PASylation) of natural nanocarriers based on apoferritin (FRT) were tested in this work. The main goals of performed PEGylation/PASylation were decreased protein corona formation leading to better internalization of drugs into diseased cells and therefore higher efficiency of treatment. The influence of created protein coronas on the amount of internalized experimental drug ellipticine (Elli) was evaluated via fluorescence microscopy. Various properties of these modified nanoparticles were studied, such as their cytotoxicity or release kinetics of Elli. According to performed experiments, PAS-10 modification appeared as the most appropriate surface modification.

Immunoanalytical techniques are key methods of application in clinical diagnostics, genomics, proteomics and other biochemical and molecular biology disciplines. Most often, they are based on the ability of labeled antibodies to bind specific antigens. It is possible to use a large variety of nanomaterials that are designed, synthesized and adapted to allow highly sensitive detection of advanced immunoassays. Detection can be a highly efficient analytical method of laser ablation followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), which allows the detection of elemental tags suitably conjugated to antibodies. The aim of this work was to conjugate model anti-mouse antibody on a surface of 10nm and 60nm gold nanoparticles and choose the better one for conjugation experimentally by using dot-blot immunobinding assay followed by LA-ICP-MS. It has been experimentally proven that 10nm gold nanoparticles are more suitable for conjugation with antibodies because of lower non-specific sorption on a membrane.

Phytoestrogens intake plays an important role in cancer treatment or prevention of tumor or heart disease, cardiovascular disease and others chronic diseases such as osteoporosis. Soy food is the most significant source of these phytoestrogens. The most commonly used methods for phytoestrogen determination include electrophoretic or chromatographic separation mechanics. In this study, the benefits of coupling molecularly imprinted polymers with capillary electrophoresis-UV/Vis for detection of phytoestrogens are shown. Polydopamine imprinted layer formed enables efficient isolation/extraction of target compounds (genistein and biochanin A) from milk sample and consecutive microcolumn separation with absorbance detection enables to distinguish nonspecifically bound interferents.

Coppicing was the most commonly used forest management practice in Europe for many centuries, but now is either abandoned or converted into high forests. The aims of this study were to characterize the spatial variability of different soil chemical and biochemical properties in the abandoned coppiced forest soil and to examine if their distribution pattern is affected by the previous extensive management practice and the land use. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from different plots at different soil depths represent different soil layers from the coppiced forest and analyzed for their chemical and biochemical properties. The results showed that the studied soil properties exhibit a significant level of variation in space in our study site. In addition, the soil profile under the abandoned coppiced stand showed a vertical distribution in all the analysed soil properties, all decreasing by increasing the soil depth. Furthermore, our results indicate that the soil properties under the abandoned coppiced forest exhibit the same pattern of their distribution in other soil types (i.e. natural forests soil) regardless the management history and land use.

The objective of the present study was to assess the Czech warm-blood stallions based on results of basic performance tests of their daughters. We evaluated 1140 daughters of 51 fathers. On the basis of calculations we eliminated the following effects: year of the test, registration of the mare in the appropriate section of the Stud Book and group of commissioners.  Data were evaluated using the GLM procedure and included the effect of the stallion, year of performance test of the mares and filing in the respective section of the Stud Book. We discovered that the impact of all three effects was statistically significant. The effect of the stallion was just below the margin of significance P≤0.05, the other two effects were below P≤0.01. We compared the stallions – fathers according to the average performances of their daughters in the basic performance tests. The performances of daughters of stallions 1850 Cannavaro, 2901 Lancelot, 1659 Jimtown, 1028 Manillon Rouge and 1053 Guidam Sohn were the highest; the performances of daughters of stallions 1260 Askano-T, 718 Mineral 1599 Norman, 2726 Cartouche and 1358 Lord Caletto were the lowest.

The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of a different type of waste on the plant species composition on the active part of landfill in Nětčice (Kroměříž District, Czech Republic). Three variants were selected for evaluation of the plant species composition within the actively used part of the landfill: biodegradable waste, inert waste and non-sorted municipal solid waste. A total of 124 plant species were found in all three variants together. Amaranthus powellii, Ballota nigra, Bromus sterilis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Elytrigia repens, Robinia pseudoacacia and Setaria pumila were found as characteristic species for a part of landfill with mixed municipal waste, whereas Atriplex patula, Atriplex sagittata, Cucurbita maxima, Hordeum murinum, Chenopodium album and Sisymbrium officinale as characteristic species for biodegradable waste and Arrhenatherum elatius, Cirsium arvense, Plantago major and Tussilago farfara for a part with inert waste. Different types of waste have an influence to the environmental conditions and we therefore found significant influence of the type of waste for species occurrences. These species with narrower ecological niche could be characterised as more specialized to grow rather on selected type of waste. These species changed according to their dispersion abilities, surviving through the disturbances, nutrient demands or origin of diaspores. We can finally conclude, that the landfill is a very specific environment for plants and the type of waste influenced significantly the species composition of vegetation.

The aim of this paper was to determine the species composition of plants that are able to sustain themselves in an active landfill (sites are located in Zlín Region, Czech Republic). Four different habitats on the recultiveted parts of municipal waste landfill were chosen for evaluation. Three habitats were selected on the land with the recultivated part of the landfill (recultivation between years 2010 and 2012). Fourth habitat is not maintained and is not use like landfill. Recultivation on fourth habitat was not carried out. The evaluation of the vegetation was carried out using the recording phytosociological methods. Altogether 90 plant species were found. It is clear from the results that the cultivated areas differ in the composition of plant species vegetation compared to the original vegetation. At the habitat with a younger recultivation, expansive species such as Calamagrostis epigejos, Arrhenatherum elatius or the nitrophilic species as Elytrigia repens, Galium album were more frequent. At the habitat with the oldest recultivation there were more frequent species,which were sown at the habitat and original plant species as Festulolium, Lathyrus pratensis. Recultivated landfills are an interesting ecosystem where succession takes place. However, species rich vegetation is not stable and the species composition changes.

Twenty multiparous Hungarian native goats (71 days in milk) were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. The animals were balanced for parity, and time of kidding. The control and experimental goats (n = 10–10) were kept indoors and were fed with 1.5 kg alfalfa hay, while the control animals received 600 g/day concentrate. The experimental group was fed same amount of hay and concentrate with 15g dried Schizochytrium limacinum marine alga. The experimental period lasted for 31 d, which encompassed the first three weeks as the period of adaptation to the diet and the last 10 d as the experimental period. During experimental period, every two days was collected pooled milk samples for cheese processing, 5–5 cheese samples were prepared. The cheese samples were collected after the 4-week-ripening period, and samples were frozen and stored at -20 °C until further analysis. Fat, dry matter and fatty acid profile of cheese samples were analysed. The Schizochytrium limacinum marine alga supplementation resulted in significantly higher concentrations of rumenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in cheese samples (0.35% vs 0.03%; P < 0.001; 0.44% vs 0.82%; P < 0.001).  Consumer benefit from of cheese produced by marine alga supplemented animals’ milk due to rumenic acid and DHA acid increase, which improve the human health.

Maceration is one of the most important steps in the production of modern white wines. During maceration, important substances that affect the future character of the wine are released. It is thus desirable to devote sufficient attention to this phase in wine production. The present work has focused on the study of the use of cryotechnology during the production of white wine. Three grape varieties (Green Veltliner, Rhine Riesling and Sauvignon) from the Znojmo Wine Region were used for the experiment. Three variants of maceration (control variant, maceration at 10 °C, and maceration at 0 °C, using dry ice) were performed for each variety. With the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the content of tartaric acid, and all acids in the young wines that are created. The content of flavanols (catechins) was monitored spectrophotometrically, and the antioxidant activity (DPPH test) was determined. The study’s resuls have shown that careful air exclusion with oxidation prevention during the maceration process, with dry ice cooling and leaving mash with the skin of grapes for longer, is an innovative way to produce wine with better characteristics and improved antioxidant qualities.

The natural adaptation strategies of plants to changing environmental conditions are the key features that enable to discover novel regulatory pathways providing plants with stress tolerance. In this study, we focused to determine the physiological and molecular responses of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions during cold acclimation process (cold hardening) which provides plants with the frost tolerance. Selected accessions were acclimated or non-acclimated to low non-freezing temperatures over a period of 7 days during which the samples for RT-qPCR were harvested. Our phenotype inspection identified frost-tolerant and -sensitive accessions by the change in ion leakage and photosynthetic parameters. This observation correlates with differential expression of stress marker genes. The natural frost tolerance or sensitivity of a specific Arabidopsis thaliana accession is likely connected with a proper activation of plant defense mechanisms.

This work was supported by a grant 17-04607S (Czech Science Foundation) and CEITEC 2020 (LQ1601) project with the financial contribution made by the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic within special support paid from the National Program of Sustainability II funds.

The aim of the present study was to compare to years of experiment which investigates the effect of diet enriched with fish oil (source of polyunsaturated fatty acids), safflower oil, oil from Schyzichytrium microalga oil and the effect of diet enriched with palm oil (source of saturated fatty acids) on weight of model animals. Like model animals were used adult male Rattus norvegicus Wistar Albino. They were divided into groups according to diets and they were fed for 8.5 weeks in the first year and 10 weeks in the second. They were weighed every week. In the first year of present study there were found no significant differences among all diet in feed intake and final live weight at the day of sacrifice. The only significant variety was observed in total weight gain. It was lower in SF-group in comparison with A-group, which is in contrast with our assumption. The duration of experiment was probably too short to show differences among diet interventions. In the second year, the content of oils was increased but there were not found any significant differences among diets in final live weight or feed intake. It was observed tendency of A-diet to increase the weight of animals in comparison with other diets.

This experiment deals with the evaluation of the quality of heterogeneous weld joints performed by the CMT method. The quality of the welds was determined using the acoustic emission (AE) system. Joining of materials used in the industry must meet a number of requirements; a big emphasis is laid on economy, process stability and reproducibility. Combined construing using different materials is applied more and more in order to benefit from the material properties as much as possible. The aim of this experiment is to determine the quality of weld joints of unequal materials welded by the CMT method, based on the detected voltage waves released by the material immediately after welding. The experiment also aims to compare records of elastic voltage wave motion during welding and subsequent cooling with values measured in the tension test (Fronius 2018) and, consequently, to evaluate thermal joining of heterogeneous materials and the resulting values of voltage waves measured by the acoustic emission system (Moore 2005).

In this study, the content of hydroxyproline in the rats’ skin, depending on the addition of a different oil to the feed dose, was evaluated using a high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. A set of samples consisted of 48 adult male rats of Wistar Albino, which were divided into 4 groups. It was found that the highest content of hydroxyproline was analyzed in samples of rats that have been fed with palm oil (118.4 ± 1.9 µg/g) compared to the other groups. These results suggest that palm oil had the most positive effect on wound healing.

The porcine pleuropneumonia belongs to common pig bacterial infection caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. This disease is affecting the economy of pig breeding. Therefore, it is important to better understand its effects and to find targeted therapy. To elucidate this infection different approaches can be used. One of them is to monitor the response of organism and detect changed expressions of proteins connected to immune reaction, especially cytokines subgroup called interleukins. Usually, these proteins are detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), but other methods like label-free liquid chromatography connected with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) can be used. This study was aimed at adapting/developing a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QqTOF MS) method for analysing these infection markers after on-tissue digestion and extraction from the surface of porcine lung tissue sections.

A study on the enzymatic glucose sensor was carried out to investigate the possibility of signal amplification by using various compositions of the electrode. Since the electrode acts as the transducer, its composition significantly affects the analytical signal. Considering, that H₂O₂ is a product of the enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase and glucose, its concentration is in direct correlation with glucose concentration. Thus, different configurations of the electrode were developed and compared in terms of the peak potential and current attitude of the H₂O₂ oxidation on each one. The bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was first covered with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) because of its catalytic effect and its high surface area. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) also were first synthesized and examined to further amplify the signal. However, the signal was not significantly changed by modification of the electrode with AuNPs. Finally, the electrode surface was covered with nafion (NF) to avoid leaking the immobilized enzyme of the electrode. To prevent leaking, chitosan also was utilized its effect was compared to that of NF. When the optimum configuration was found glucose oxidase (GOx) was also added to the electrode and it was used for amperometric determination of glucose.